Air Astana (website: www.airastana.com) is the national airline. Flights are available from London, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Beijing and Moscow.

From London to Almaty is eight hours, from Istanbul is six hours, from Ulgi (Mongolia) is four hours and from Hanover and Frankfurt/M is 10 hours.

Almaty (ALA) (website: www.almatyairport.com) is located 10km (6 miles) northeast of the city. To/from the airport: Buses 38, 446 and 492 connect the airport with the city centre (travel time – 20 minutes). Taxis are also available. Facilities: Car hire, duty free shops, restaurant and post office.
Astana (website: www.astanaairport.kz). To/from the airport: Taxis are available. Facilities: Duty free, restaurants, cate, ATM, currency exchange bureaux and baggage storage.

None.

Main ports: Aqtau, Atyrau, Oskemen, Pavlodar and Semey. Freight is carried on the Caspian Sea to Iran and the Russian Federation.

There are international rail connections with China, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Services run regularly from Almaty to Urumchi in China and daily to Moscow (travel time – three days) and connect with the entire Russian Federation railway network. The Tashkent–Novosibirsk Express passes through Almaty each day in both directions. The lines from Almaty in the north connect with the Trans-Siberian Railway running west to Chimkent and finally to Orenburg in the Russian Federation. The Trans-Asian Railway's Northern Corridor links Kazakhstan to China, Mongolia, the Russian Federation and the Korean Peninsula. A new railway line is being built to connect Kazakhstan to Iran and Turkey. Foreign visitors should exercise caution when using trains other than the Almaty–Moscow train; violent crime against westerners is on the increase.

There are good road connections into the Russian Federation, the other Central Asian states and China. Bus: Buses leave Chimkent for Tashkent every 25 minutes 0700-1925. The journey is 160km (100 miles) (travel time – three hours). There are also buses from Chimkent to Bishkek.

Air Astana (website: www.airastana.com) operates frequent domestic flights to Atyrau, Aktau, Aktobe, Astana, Karaganda, Kyzylorda, Oral, Oskemen, Semey, Shymkent, Zhezkazgon, Kostanay, Petropavlousk, Zyzylorda and Taraz. While Air Astana does maintain aircraft to European JAR-145 standards, travellers should note that maintenance procedures for some aircraft operating internally may not conform to internationally accepted standards.

Astana (website: www.astanaairport.com) and Almaty (website: www.almatyairport.com) have domestic flights to many cities in Kazakhstan including Kyzylorda, Oral and Aktau.
Kyzylorda offers domestic flights to Almaty, Astana, Shymkent and Atyrau.
Oral has domestic flights to Almaty and Astana.
Aktau has domestic flights to Atyrau, Astana and Almaty.

River trips can be taken in Semipalatinsk on the River Irtysh.

There are two TurkSib trains leaving Chimkent daily, one to Tashkent (Uzbekistan) and the other to Novosibirsk (Russian Federation), stopping at destinations in between. The cost of rail travel in Kazakhstan is minimal in comparison with Western Europe and there are regular connections between all the main centres. Queues at stations to buy a ticket can be long and passengers should bring their own food and drink for the journey. It may be advisable for foreign visitors to travel by bus between cities, owing to an increase in robberies on trains.

Traffic drives on the right. There is a reasonable network of roads in Kazakhstan connecting all the towns and regional centres. Petrol supplies are reasonably reliable in comparison with other Central Asian republics. Bus: There are regular bus connections between all the main cities of Kazakhstan. However, visitors are advised not to use these buses as maintainence is generally poor. Taxi: These are available in all Kazakh cities. Travellers should not use unlicensed taxis. Car hire: Available in Almaty and Astana and at the airports. Documentation: An International Driving Permit is required.

Almaty is served by trolleybuses and buses.