Present-day Libyans descend almost entirely from the Arabian incursion of the 11th century AD, with a few black Africans from the south and indigenous Berbers in the west. Although traditionally the rural people have been nomadic shepherds, since the discovery of oil there has been a drift into the towns. Once one of Italy’s few colonies, Libya was occupied by the British and French during WWII.

Emerging from years of international isolation, Libya’s beauty and diversity are still relatively unknown and, as a result, the country remains largely unspoilt by tourism. Visitors can enjoy exploring the bustling souks and Italian streets and squares of Tripoli and will be amazed by the spectacular remains of the Roman cities of Leptis Magna and Sabratha, testaments to ancient civilisations.

Tourists also have plenty of opportunity to travel through the vast Saharan desert and camp amongst great sand seas, while appreciating Berber hospitality in western Libya.

1,775,500 sq km (685,520 sq miles).

5.9 million (CIA estimate 2006).

3.3 per sq km.

Tripoli (Tarabulus). Population: 2 million (UN estimate 2003).

Jamahiriya (state of the masses). Gained independence from Italy in 1951.

Arabic (which must be used for all official purposes), with some English and Italian. English is normally understood by people working in hotels, restaurants and shops.

Sunni Muslim 97%.

GMT + 2.

Life in Libya is regulated fairly strictly along socialist/Islamic principles; in general, Arab courtesies and social customs prevail and should be respected. Women do not generally attend typical Arab gatherings. In religious buildings and small towns, modest dress is advisable. On no account must alcohol be brought into the country. Severe penalties are imposed for criticising the country, its leadership or religion. Homosexuality is considered a criminal offence and sexual relationships outside of marriage are punishable by law.

Photography: It is unwise to use or carry cameras especially close to military or official sites.

127/230 volts AC, 50Hz. Plugs used are European-style with two circular metal pins and
South African/Indian-style with two circular metal pins above a large circular grounding pin.

Prime Minister Baghdadi Mahmudi since March 2006.

Muammar Gaddafi (Leader of the Revolution) since 1969.